Testosterone
Learn more about testosterone, in both its natural hormone and prescription forms.
Overview
Common Nicknames
T, juice, roids, and gym candy
Drug Class
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Drug Form
Gels, injections, patches, tablets
Route of Administration
Oral, injection, and transdermal
What is the science of Testosterone?
Testosterone activates androgen receptors in various tissues in the body. This in turn leads to the expression of genes which cause growth and development of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics. For example, the thickening of vocal cords, which leads to deepening of the voice.
What are the risks?
Using testosterone involves some risks. The risks are increased when an artificially high level of testosterone is present in the body which is more likely to occur when testosterone is taken outside of a medical context.
These risks include:
Low sperm count
Heart damage and increased risk of cardiac arrest
Prostate enlargement
Liver disease
Insomnia
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Increased risk of blood clots
Mood swings
The risk of experiencing these effects can be reduced by only taking the amount of testosterone you are prescribed. Illicit users should limit use to prevent these effects from occurring.
Whilst using testosterone doesn’t increase the risk of developing prostate cancer, it can stimulate the growth of cancerous prostate cells. Therefore, those with prostate cancer or at risk of developing prostate cancer should not take testosterone.
Testosterone and testosterone-based products should not be used in men who have hypercalcemia (raised calcium) or a history of breast or liver cancer.
How might the drug make you feel?
Unlike some drugs, the effects of testosterone will not be seen in a matter of minutes or hours. Some effects, such as increased libido, can be seen after 3 weeks of use. However, other effects, such as changes in muscle strength, can take up to 16 weeks to be seen.
The effects of testosterone include:
Development of male sex organs
Deepening of the voice
Growth of facial and pubic hair
Increased muscle size and strength
Bone growth and strength
Increased libido (sex drive)
Increased sperm production
Ovarian function
Is Testosterone addictive, and what are the long-term effects?
People who regularly use testosterone outside of a medical context are at risk of developing an addiction to the drug, both physical and psychological. Withdrawal symptoms are felt if the person ceases use or lowers the dose that they take.
Medical assistance should be consulted for help with testosterone addiction. Medical professionals can help to find a safe way to stop taking testosterone and help to minimise withdrawal symptoms.
As with any addiction, addiction to testosterone can lead to problems at work or school and put a strain on personal relationships, alongside the physical and mental health issues that can ensue.
Withdrawal symptoms include:
low libido
loss of appetite
mood swings
insomnia
fatigue
depression
Some signs that a person may be addicted to testosterone include:
Ignoring responsibilities
Persistent issues with friends and family
Continuing to use testosterone despite negative physical side effects.
Spending a lot of time and money in an effort to obtain testosterone.
Struggling to cut back on use despite repeated attempts.
Harm Reduction and Drug-Drug Interactions
Physical dependence to testosterone does not occur immediately, however, the effects produced are often desirable for those who chose to use it. Therefore, they are likely to continue to use testosterone to increase the effects. This results in tolerance developing and a higher dose being required to produce desired effects. If you use testosterone illicitly, try to limit the dose you take and how often you take it.
Injecting any substance carries an increased risk of infection. If injecting, use new, sterile equipment. Do not re-use equipment and dispose of needles in a sharps bin. These are available from your local pharmacy and do not require a prescription.
Using an oral or topical form (creams or gels) of testosterone minimises the risk of infection. If using topical steroids, wash hands with soap immediately after use.
If testosterone is taken alongside an adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticosteroids, a build up of fluid (oedema) may occur in the body.
Medical Uses
Testosterone and its derivatives have various medical uses. It can be used to treat delayed male puberty and abnormally low production of testosterone. Testosterone therapy can also help with generalised weakness, low energy, disabling frailty, depression, problems with cognition and problems with sexual function.
Another medical use for testosterone is masculinising hormone therapy (or gender affirming therapy) for transgender men and non-binary people. This produces physical changes of secondary sex characteristics, helping to better align the body with gender identity. When used in this context, testosterone also stops the menstrual cycle and decreases oestrogen production in the ovaries.
Myths and Misconceptions
Testosterone use permanently shuts down natural production
Exogenous testosterone does suppress the body's natural testosterone production by signalling the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to reduce output. However, for most people this suppression is reversible after stopping use. Recovery time varies depending on duration and dose, and some individuals may take longer to recover, but permanent suppression is not the typical outcome
Testosterone is only used for performance enhancement
Testosterone has a range of legitimate medical uses, including treatment of hypogonadism, certain hormone deficiencies, and as part of gender-affirming care. While it is used non-medically for performance or physique enhancement, framing it solely in this context overlooks the many people who use it for well-established clinical reasons.
More on Forms
Testosterone is available in a few different forms:
Gels
These are applied directly to the skin. It is possible for these gels to transfer to other people unintentionally if their skin touches the area which the gel has been applied to.
Injections
Liquid testosterone designed to be injected deep into the gluteal muscle.
Patches
Transdermal patches which are applied to the skin. They are usually worn at all times and replaced with a new patch every 24 hours.
Oral tablets & Capsules
Methyltestosterone and testosterone undecanoate available for oral administration and can be used as an alternative to gels for androgen deficiency. Prescribed to help bone growth in boys being treated for delayed puberty.
Other testosterone products:
Boosters
Testosterone boosters are supplements which claim to increase levels of testosterone in the body. These are typically precursors to testosterone and are sometimes available in health shops. However, these can vary in quality and there is little scientific evidence to support their use.